v (1)拿(握，抓來(lái))住(keep or support using the hands or arms(or another part of the body))[T+n，T+n+prep]：～the baby/parcel tightly 緊緊抱著孩子/抓著包裹;～sb by the sleeve/the arm 抓住某人的衣袖/胳臂;～a pile of books in one's arms 抱著一摞書;～a rope in one's teeth 用牙咬住繩子;～a paintbrush between one's teeth 用牙叼住畫筆;～a dish in/with two hands 用雙手拿起盤子;～a postage stamp with tweezers 用鑷子夾起郵票;
?(2) 1)托住，支承(be able to bear the weight of (sth/sb)? support)[T+n]：You're too heavy and that branch won't～your weight.你太重了，那樹枝承受不住你的重量。The rope will～you. 這根繩子能承受住你的重量。2)阻止;控制(restrain or control sth/sb)[I]： (police)～a thief(警察)抓住小偷;(dam)～the flood water(大壩)控制住洪水;The knot held for a few moments and then came apart. 繩結(jié)撐了一陣兒，然后開了?！玱ne's temper/one's breath 控制脾氣/屏息;
?(3)使保持某種狀態(tài)(位置)(put or keep oneself or a part of the body，sb/sth in a particular position or condition)[T+n+adv，T+n+prep，C+n+adj]：～one's head up/straight/high 昂起頭/把頭抬直/趾高氣揚(yáng);～out one's cup for more tea 遞過(guò)杯子再要些茶;～a shelf in place 把架子放穩(wěn);～a match to sb's cigarette用火柴給某人點(diǎn)煙;～a door closed 讓門關(guān)著;～oneself still/sb silent 讓自己保持平靜/讓某人安靜下來(lái);
?(4) 1)保持穩(wěn)固(位置不變)(remain in position，esp in spite of pressure，weight，etc)[I]：The anchor/shelf held.錨/架子紋絲不動(dòng)。The line held.防線牢固。2)持續(xù)，保持(remain in the same state and not change;last)[I]：Fine warm weather held for our holiday. 假期中天氣一直溫暖晴朗。If our luck～s， we'll win the competition. 如果我們始終運(yùn)氣好的話，我們就會(huì)贏得這場(chǎng)比賽。3)仍然有效(適應(yīng))(continue to be valid or apply)[I]：My words still～. 我的話仍然有效。The offers/The rules still～.這些報(bào)價(jià)/規(guī)則仍然有效。
?(5)不打滑，走得穩(wěn)((of the wheels of a car，etc) maintain a grip of (a corner，road，etc))[T+n]： The car～s the road well. 汽車在路上走得很穩(wěn)。
?(6)容納，裝得下;包含((be able to) contain，have (an amount or quantity) inside)[T+n]：The filing cabinet can～all the paper. 檔案柜可裝下所有的文件。How much water does the pan～?這個(gè)平底鍋能盛多少水?～the sum in one's head 把數(shù)記在腦子里;Life～s many surprises.(fig)人生有許多意想不到之事。I wonder what the future～s for me?(fig)我不知道未來(lái)會(huì)對(duì)我怎樣?！纪絚ontain，accommodate，include;
?(7)堅(jiān)守，保衛(wèi)(留)(defend one's position against attack;keep in control or in one's possession)[T+n]：～a fort/a castle against the enemy 堅(jiān)守保壘/城堡，抵御敵人;～one's seat/one's tickets until tomorrow 座位/票保留到明天;
?(8)扣(拘)留，監(jiān)禁(keep sb under one's control;not allow sb to leave，escape，etc)[T+n，C+n+n]：～the two men in connection with the bank robbery拘留與搶劫銀行有關(guān)的兩個(gè)人;The hostages were held captive for two months. 這些人質(zhì)被囚禁兩個(gè)月。The terrorists held the man hostage/prisoner.恐怖分子將那人囚禁起來(lái)作人質(zhì)/囚犯?！挤础絩elease，free;
?(9)擁有(財(cái)產(chǎn)，股票)(have or possess(sth，esp shares in a company))[T+n，不用prog]：～shares in the company 在這家公司中擁有股份;～estates/land/title 擁有不動(dòng)產(chǎn)/土地/所有權(quán);～rights to hunt on the land 有在這塊土地上狩獵的權(quán)利;
?(10)任職，占據(jù)(have or be in an official position， job，etc;have the ownership or use of;occupy)[T+n，不用prog]：～the office of director/the post of Prime Minister/the position of company secretary 擔(dān)任董事/首相/公司秘書的職務(wù);～a job for two years干一項(xiàng)工作兩年了;
?(11)保持，贏得(have or gain through merit)[T+n]：～the world record for the long jump保持跳遠(yuǎn)的世界記錄;
?(12)保持住……(的注意力或興趣)(keep the interest or attention of sb)[T+n]：The teacher can't～his pupils' attention. 老師無(wú)法吸引學(xué)生的注意力。His singing held the audience. 他的演唱吸引了觀眾。
?(13)持(懷)有(見解，信仰，意見)(have or express (a belief，opinion or view，etc)) [T+n，不用prog]：～such views of life/some strange ideas 對(duì)生活持有如此的觀點(diǎn)/有一些古怪的想法;～the belief that the plan cannot work 堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為這個(gè)計(jì)劃無(wú)法實(shí)行;
?(14)認(rèn)為，相信(consider;believe;judge)[C+n+adj，C+n+to-inf，T+that](fml)：We held her best of all the applicants. 我們認(rèn)為她是所有申請(qǐng)人中最好的。He～s me responsible for everyone's mistakes. 他認(rèn)為我應(yīng)該對(duì)每個(gè)人的錯(cuò)誤承擔(dān)責(zé)任?！玹he truths to be self-evident 認(rèn)為這些真理是不言而喻的;～sb to be a fool 認(rèn)為某人是個(gè)傻瓜;～that this was the right decision 相信這是正確的決定;〖同〗consider，believe;〖反〗deny;
?(15)舉行，召開(cause to take place;make happen)[T+n]：～an election for president of the society 為協(xié)會(huì)主席一職舉行選舉;～a meeting/a party/a motor show 召開會(huì)議/舉辦晚會(huì)/舉辦汽車展覽;〖反〗cancel;
?(16) 1)(船只，飛機(jī))循(特定方向)航行((of a ship or aircraft) continue to follow(a direction))[T+n]：(ship)～a south-easterly course(船只)繼續(xù)沿東南方向行駛;The plane held its course.這架飛機(jī)沿著航線飛行。2)持續(xù)唱(某音符)(continue to sing (a music note))[T+n]：～a high note 持續(xù)唱一個(gè)高音;～the note for four whole beats 把這個(gè)音唱滿四拍;
?(17)等(受話人)講話(wait while the person one is calling comes to the telephone， finishes what he is doing，etc)[I，T+n]：Mr Brown's extension is engaged at the moment. Will you～(the line)?布朗先生的分機(jī)眼下正占線，請(qǐng)稍等，不要掛斷好嗎?
?hold good 仍然適用： The principle still～s good. 這條原則仍然適用。
?hold it 等待;不要?jiǎng)?infml)：H～it! We can't go in yet as I can't find my keys.等一等，我們還進(jìn)不去，因?yàn)槲艺也坏借€匙。
?there is no holding sb 無(wú)法阻擋……(做)：She was so determined and high-spirited that there seemed to be no～ing her.她決心很大，興致頗高，什么也不能阻止她(做這事)。
?hold one's own 堅(jiān)持(支撐)?。篐e is a skilled debater，and can～his own against any opponent.他辯論技巧諳練，能夠頂住任何對(duì)手。
?hold the fort(在別人不在時(shí))照料一切：Jennie had to～the fort while her mother was in hospital.媽媽住院時(shí)，珍妮不得不料理家務(wù)。
?hold water 合理，可信，站得住腳：Your argument doesn't～water. 你的理由不成立。
?hold sth against sb以……為根據(jù)而形成對(duì)某人不利的看法(infml)：～the boy's past bad behaviour/the boy's foolish remarks against him由于這個(gè)男孩子過(guò)去的壞行為/愚蠢的話而產(chǎn)生對(duì)他不利的看法;
?hold back (v adv) 1)因害怕或不愿意而躊躇(猶豫)(vi)：～back not knowing how to break the terrible news 因不知如何開口說(shuō)出這可怕的消息而躊躇;～back from asking the favour of sb 對(duì)求某人幫忙猶豫不定; 2)阻止(……的)進(jìn)步(發(fā)展)(vt)：His lack of training is～ing him back.由于他缺乏訓(xùn)練阻礙了他的進(jìn)步。3)(vt)擋?。篢he dam held back the flooding river. 水壩阻擋住泛濫的河水。4)不公布，扣住，保留(vt)：～back the truth 隱瞞真相;The research findings were held back.沒有公布研究的結(jié)果。5)不流露感情(眼淚等)克制住(vt)：～back one's anger/tears/emotions/laughter克制住自己的憤怒/眼淚/感情/笑聲;
?hold down (v adv) 1)壓制，鎮(zhèn)壓(vt)：～down the people/a good man 鎮(zhèn)壓人民/壓制好人; 2)壓低(物價(jià)等)，縮減(vt)：～down expenditure/prices/costs/the rate of interest 縮減開支/降低價(jià)格/降低成本/降低利率; 3)保持住(工作等)：manage to～down a job for more than a few weeks 設(shè)法保住一份工作多干幾周;
?hold forth (v adv)滔滔地講(vi)：～forth at great length on the subject/about how one would run the economy 長(zhǎng)時(shí)間滔滔不絕地談?wù)撨@個(gè)題目/關(guān)于自己怎樣管理經(jīng)濟(jì)的問(wèn)題;
?hold in (v adv) 抑(控)制(vt)：～in one's feelings/one's temper/one's anger/one's laughter 控制感情/脾氣/憤怒/笑聲;
?hold off (v adv) 1)(雨，暴風(fēng)雨等)未發(fā)生，拖延(vi)： The rain/frost held off. 未下雨/沒發(fā)生霜凍。2)約束自己不做(尤指攻擊別人)：～off for the duration of the cease-fire 在?；鹌陂g不發(fā)動(dòng)進(jìn)攻; 3)阻擋(止)(vt)：～off the superior enemy attacks 抵抗裝備精良的敵人的進(jìn)攻; 4)延遲(vt)：～off one's decision 推遲作出決定;～off applying for a passport 推遲申請(qǐng)護(hù)照;
?hold on (v adv) 1)等，停(vi)(infml)(常用imper)：H～on (for) a moment! 等一會(huì)兒! 2)堅(jiān)持度過(guò)難關(guān)(險(xiǎn)境)：～on for another week or so 再堅(jiān)持一周左右;～on to the end 堅(jiān)持到最后; 3)固定住(vt)：Nuts and bolts～the wheels on.螺母和螺栓將輪子固定。
?hold on (to)(v adv) 1)抓住……不放(vi)：～on to sb/a rock to stop oneself from slipping 抓住某人/一塊石頭以防滑下去;
?hold on to(v adv prep)不給(賣)，保存(留)(vt)(infml)：～on to one's shares/one's lovely house 保留自己的股份/可愛的房子(不賣);
?hold out (v adv) 1)延續(xù)，維持(vi)：The food supplies/engines will～out. 食品供給還將繼續(xù)/發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)還將繼續(xù)工作。2)抵抗(御)(vi)：The soldiers held out for two weeks. 士兵們堅(jiān)持了兩周。3)給予，提供(vt)：～out a dress for sb to try on 拿出一件衣服讓某人試穿;～out many fine promises 作出許多美好的許諾;
?hold out for (v adv prep)故意拖延……以達(dá)到目的(vi)(infml)：The strikers are～ing out for a big increase in their wages.罷工者們正在故意拖延以求實(shí)現(xiàn)大幅度增加工資。
?hold out on (v adv prep)拒絕向某人提供信息(vt)(infml)：He says he knows nothing about it， but I think he's～ing out on us. 他說(shuō)他對(duì)此事一無(wú)所知，但我想他在瞞著我們。
?hold over (v adv)拖延;延期(vt)(通常pass)：～the matter/discussion over 拖延此事/討論;
?hold to (v prep)堅(jiān)持(原則，意見);忠實(shí)于(vt)：～to one's original opinion 堅(jiān)持自己最初的意見;
?hold together (v adv) 1)保持完整(vi)：The car's bodywork hardly～s together.汽車幾乎要散架了。2) 使團(tuán)結(jié)一致(vt)：Friendship～s a marriage together. 友誼使婚姻牢固。
?hold up (v adv) 1)提出……作為典范(vt)：What do you～up to the children as being desirable goals? 你提出什么作為孩子們的理想目標(biāo)呢?2)阻塞，使停滯(vt)：(flight/car) be held up by fog(航班/汽車)因霧停開; 3)搶(攔)劫(vt)：The bandits held up a bank/a passenger.歹徒搶劫銀行/攔劫乘客。
?hold with(v prep)同意，贊成(vt)：(用于neg 和interr)：I don't～with his views on economy. 我不同意他對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的看法。
?→′hold-up n 阻塞，耽擱;持械搶劫;′holding n占(所)有物;′holder n持有者，所有者;支撐物，容器;租入的土地;
?n (1) 1)拿(握、抓、夾)(act of holding sth/sb;grasp;grip)[U，a～]：resume/lost one's firm～on/of the rope又緊緊抓住/沒抓住繩子;dog's～on a stick狗死咬住棍子;〖同〗grasp，grip; 2)(拳擊，摔跤中的)擒拿法(manner of holding sb)[C]：a wrist～掰腕子;wrestling～s 擒拿術(shù);
?(2)影響(influence)[C，sing][N(on/over)]：(idea/habit/sb) exert/have/get a～on man's imagination (思想/習(xí)慣/某人)對(duì)人的想象產(chǎn)生影響;have a tremendous～over sb 對(duì)某人有極大的影響;〖同〗influence;
?(3) 1)控制，掌握(power or control over sth/sb)[C，sing] [N (on)]： keep/tighten one's～on the company 保持/加強(qiáng)對(duì)這個(gè)公司的控制;(legal documents) give the present owner a legitimate～on the property(法律文件)使現(xiàn)主人對(duì)此財(cái)產(chǎn)有合法的占有權(quán);〖同〗control，power; 2)握力(forceful closing of the hand)[C，sing]：The big man has got a strong～;he can break a glass.這個(gè)大個(gè)子握力很強(qiáng)，他可以捏碎玻璃杯。
?catch/get/grab/seize/take，etc hold of sth/sb 抓(握，拿)?。簍ake～of sb's hand/a stick 握住某人的手/棍子;catch～of the rope 抓住這根繩子;(anger/music) take～of sb(憤怒/音樂(lè))控制了某人;
?get hold of sb/sth 1)找來(lái)使用，獲得(infml)：get～of a car 弄到一部汽車;get～of the idea 得到這種想法; 2)與某人聯(lián)系;尋找某人;get～of sb by phone用電話找到某人;
?【辨異】 1)hold與have、occupy、own和possess的區(qū)別見HAVE。2)hold與contain和accommodate的區(qū)別見CONTAIN。